2021年6月 英语六级阅读真题 答案 第2套

We often think of drawing as something that takes inborn talent, but this kind of thinking stems from our misclassification of drawing as, primarily, an art form rather than a tool for learning. Researchers, teachers, and artists are starting to see how drawing can positively impact a wide variety of skills and disciplines. Most of us have spent some time drawing before, but at some point, most of us stop drawing. There are people who don’t, obviously, and thank god for that: a world without designers and artists would be a very shabby one indeed. Some argue that so many adults have abandoned drawing because we’ve miscategorized it and given it a very narrow definition. In his book, Stick Figures: Drawing as a Human Practice, Professor D. B. Dowd argues that we have misfiled the significance of drawing because we see it as a professional skill instead of a personal capacity. We mistakenly think of “good” drawings as those which work as recreations of the real world, as realistic illusions. Rather, drawing should be recategorized as a symbolic tool. Human beings have been drawing for 73,000 years. It’s part of what it means to be human. We don’t have the strength of chimpanzees （大猩猩）because we’ve given up animal strength to manipulate subtle instruments,like hammers, spears, and—later—pens and pencils. The human hand is an extremely dense network of nerve endings. In many ways, human beings are built to draw. Some researchers argue that doodling （涂画）activates the brain’s so-called default circuit—essentially,the areas of the brain responsible for maintaining a baseline level of activity in the absence of other stimuli.Because of this, some believe that doodling during a boring lecture can help students pay attention. In one study,participants were asked to listen to a list of names while either doodling or sitting still. Those who doodled remembered 29 percent more of the names than those who did not. There’s also evidence that drawing talent is based on how accurately someone perceives the world. The human visual system tends to misjudge size, shape, color, and angles but artists perceive these qualities more accurately than non-artists. Cultivating drawing talent can become an essential tool to improve people’s observational skills in fields where the visual is important. Rather than think of drawing as a talent that some creative people are gifted in, we should consider it as a tool for seeing and understanding the world better—one that just so happens to double as an art form. Both absent-minded doodling and copying from life have been shown to positively affect your memory and visual perception, so complain loudly the next time your school board slashes the art department’s budget.

[46]我们常常认为绘画是一种需要天赋的东西，但这种想法源于我们从根本上错误地将绘画归类为一种艺术形式，而不是一种学习工具。 研究人员、教师和艺术家们开始了解绘画如何对各种技能和学科产生积极影响。 我们大多数人以前都花过一些时间画画，但到了某个时间点，我们大多数人都停止了画画。当然，有些人没有停止画画，因此要感谢上帝：[47]一个没有设计师和艺术家的世界真的将是一个非常寒酸的世界。 有人认为，这么多成年人放弃了绘画，是因为我们把它的分类搞错了，给它下了一个非常狭隘的定义。[48] D. B. 多德教授在他的《简笔画：作为人类实践的绘画》一书中认为，我们误解了绘画的意义，因为我们把它看成了一种专业技能，而不是个人能力。我们错误地认为“好”的图画是真实世界的再现，是现实的幻象。相反，绘画应该被重新归类为一种象征性的工具。 人类已有七万三千年的绘画史。人类之所以是人类，绘画已经成了其中不可分割的一部分。我们没有大猩猩的力量，因为我们已经放弃了动物的力量，去操纵精密的工具，比如锤子、长矛，以及后来的钢笔和铅笔。人类的手是一个极其密集的神经末梢网络。在许多方面，人类天生就具有绘画能力。 一些研究人员认为，涂鸦可以激活大脑中所谓的默认回路——即在没有其他刺激的情况下，大脑中负责维持基本活动水平的区域。正因为如此，一些人认为在听枯燥的讲座时涂鸦可以帮助学生集中注意力。[49]在一项研究中，参与者被要求在涂鸦或静坐的时候听一串名字。那些涂鸦的人比没有涂鸦的人多记住了29%的名字。 [50]也有证据表明，绘画天赋基于一个人如何准确地感知世界。人类视觉系统往往会错误地判断大小、形状、颜色和角度，但艺术家比非艺术家能更准确地感知这些特征。在视觉起到重要作用的领域，培养绘画天赋可以成为提高人们观察能力的重要工具。 [46]我们与其把绘画看作是一些有创造力的人所具有的天赋，不如把它看作是一种更好地了解、理解这个世界的工具——一种恰巧兼作艺术形式的工具。心不在焉的涂鸦和模仿生活都会对你的记忆力和视觉感知产生积极的影响，所以下次学校董事会削减艺术系的预算时，大声抱怨吧。